Feldioara Fortress

Turnul apărat şi întreţinut de bresla ţesătorilor de in a fost construit în două etape, între anii 1421 – 1436 şi 1570 – 1573. • În prima etapă, au fost construite primele două nivele dintre cele trei galerii de luptă. Primul nivel a fost amenajat cu guri mari de tragere pentru folosirea armele de foc de calibru mare, bombarde şi archebuze, precum şi cu găuri pentru aruncarea materialelor incendiare. • Galeriile superioare, construite între anii 1570 – 1573, erau destinate armelor de calibru mic, care puteau fi folosite prin gurile de tragere înguste, de formă circulară, prezente pe tot parcursul traseului galeriilor de tragere. Au fost ridicate două turnuri de veghe destinate corpului de gardă care supraveghea oraşul atât din punct de vedere militar, cât şi din perspectiva observării unor eventuale incendii. • Construcţia de formă hexagonală închide o suprafaţă de 1616 m², străjuită de ziduri care, în unele segmente, măsoară 4,30 m la bază. Intrarea în incintă se făcea din suişul străzii Castelului, printr-o poartă culisantă, întărită cu turn şi un gang lung de aprox. 5 metri. După prăbuşirea turnului din nord-est, în urma cutremurului din 1710, a fost ridicat bastionul actual (1750). Pe faţada intrării în incintă se află încrustat într-o grindă de susţinere a plafonului anul 1807. Atunci au fost construite cele trei încăperi destinate unor ateliere școlare pentru pregătirea viitorilor meşteșugari ai oraşului. Evoluţia tehnicii militare, în special a armelor de foc, a dus la pierderea rolului militar și deja încă din anii 1750 – 1800, bastionul a fost abandonat. În anul 1910, deteriorarea monumentului a determinat autorităţile să întreprindă vaste lucrări de restaurare şi consolidare a zidurilor şi a galeriilor din lemn. Următoarele lucrări de restaurare şi întreţinere au fost efectuate în anii 1950, 1959 – 1961, 1970, 1975 și 1990 – 2001. După restaurarea din anul 1910, Bastionul Ţesătorilor a devenit muzeu. În prezent, aici este prezentată Expoziţia permanentă – Bastionul Ţesătorilor – „Braşovul/3 M” Sursa

Construit în 1912-1913, este amplasat la marginea SV a satului Feldioara şi îi comemorează cei 39 de tineri studenţi căzuţi în bătălia desfăşurată aici în 1612, sub conducerea judelui Braşovului Michael Weiss. Este un monument amplu cu o scară interioară care duce spre vârful turnului. Pe laturile de est și vest se află blazoanele Feldioarei, o cetate cu porțile deschise și cel al Brașovului, coroana și trunchiul cu rădăcinile unui copac. Sursa: http://viziteaza-feldioara.c4xp.ro/ro/article/read/monumentul-studentilor-eroi-sasi1_44 Este amplasat la marginea sud-vestica a comunei, dateaza din anul 1913. A fost construit în 1912-1913, fiind închinat celor 39 de tineri braşoveni căzuţi în bătălia desfăşurată aici în 1612. Batalia a avut la in data de 16 octombrie 1612 intre apărătorii cetăţii (printre care judele Braşovului, Michael Weiss, şi 39 de elevi ai gimnaziului Honterus, toţi victime ale luptei) şi trupele de secui ale lui Gabriel Bathory. http://www.ghidinfoturism.ro/obiective_turistice/transilvania/judetul_brasov/feldioara/monumentul_eroilor_sai/ În fiecare an, Forumul Democrat al Germanilor din judeţul Braşov, Parohia Braşov a Bisericii Evanghelice C.A. din România și Liceul „Johannes Honterus” îi comemorează pe concetăţenii căzuţi în lupta de la Feldioara şi, în general, pe toţi cei care şi-au pierdut viaţa ca victime ale terorii și despotismului, ale dictaturilor de orice fel, ale războaielor şi ale deportărilor în interiorul ţării sau în străinătate. Ajuns Voivod al Transilvaniei, Principele Gabriel Bathory are, la-nceputul secolului XVII, o tentativă de a uni sub sceptrul său țările românești. El trece munții cu oaste și atacă Valahia. După un debut promițător, planul său eșuează, iar la întoarcerea în Ardeal, campania devine un act de pedepsire a Brașovului și Țării Bârsei, ținut care nu era partizan al lui Bathory. Brașovul rezistă atacului acestuia, iar secuii lui Bathory atacă și pradă alte așezări din ținut. În 1612 cetatea de la Feldioara este ocupată de oștenii lui Bathory, iar Michael Weiss adună 800 de oameni și atacă cetatea pentru a o elibera. La 16 octombrie se dă lupta, iar oastea de strânsură adunată de jude este înfrântă și Michael Weiss este decapitat. Printre voluntarii care au luptat sub comanda sa, se numărau și 40 de studenți honteriști, căci așa erau numiți elevii ciclului superior al Liceului Johannes Honterus, din Brașov. 36 dintre ei își află sfârșitul în această luptă. „În amintirea celor 40 de studenți, care aici, pe 16 octombrie 1612, au luptat pentru libertatea vieții lor” – aceste cuvinte sunt înscrise pe placa ce străjuie scările ce urcă-n turnul construit de sași în memoria tinerilor elevi ai liceului Johannes Honterus care s-au înrolat voluntari în armata lui Michael Weiss, pentru a elibera cetatea Feldioarei. Turnul înalt de 12m a fost ridicat după un proiect executat la Berlin, iar pentru realizarea construcției s-au adunat fonduri din donații ale comunităților săsești din întreaga Țara Bârsei. Deși s-a urmărit ca inaugurarea monumentului să fie făcută în octombrie 1912, odată cu comemorarea a 300 de ani de la momentul bătăliei, anul excesiv de ploios a făcut ca această construcție să fie finalizată abia în 1913. Se spune că monumentul este așezat chiar pe locul unde au fost îngropați tinerii. Localnicii îi comemorează în fiecare an, iar grupurile de turiști germani și sași care revin să viziteze locurile de unde au plecat trec adesea pe la Feldioara pentru a vedea monumentul închinat acestor eroi ai comunității săsești.

Între anii 1942-1945, la Feldioara a existat un lagăr de prizonieri. Derularea celui de-al doilea război mondial a făcut ca aici să fie deținuți prizonieri sovietici, iar apoi prizonieri maghiari. Lagărul a fost amenajat în clădirile administrative ale fostei fabrici de bere, pe malul lacului, în apropierea cantinei și internatului vechii Școli Agricole. Capacitatea sa era de aproximativ 700 de persoane. Din 1942 până în 1944, aici au fost încarcerați prizonieri sovietici. Marele Stat Major a indicat ca prizonierii să suplinească lipsa forței de muncă pentru unitățile agricole din zonă, astfel că în schimbul muncii prestate de deținuți, fermele din zonă asigurau, în mare măsură, hrana acestora. Prin grija Patriarhiei Române și a Crucii Roșii, în lagăr s-au construit o capelă și o troiță, iar capela a fost înzestrată cu icoane și cărți religioase. Slujbele erau ținute de preotul satului sau de preoți vorbitori de limba rusă, ce veneau în sat doar pentru a sluji în lagăr. După război, capela a fost distrusă de autoritățile comuniste, dar după 1990, prin colaborarea dintre Ministerul Cultelor și Ambasada Rusiei la București, mormintele celor 738 de prizonieri care au murit în lagăr au fost refăcute și o cruce metalică a fost ridicată pe Dealul Furcilor pentru a aminti acest episod istoric și comemorarea prizonierilor sovietici care și-au aflat sfârșitul pe aceste locuri. De la finalul anului 1944 până în 1945, prizonierii maghiari au luat locul rușilor în Lagărul nr. 2 din Feldioara. În memoria soldaților unguri care au fost deținuți aici, prin grija organizațiilor neguvernamentale maghiare, s-a clădit un monument. Sursă text: https://www.facebook.com/Centru-de-Informare-Turistica-Feldioara-422091824546588/

Monumentul eroilor sași a fost construit în 1912-1913, fiind închinat celor 39 de tineri braşoveni căzuţi în bătălia desfăşurată aici în 1612. Bătălia a avut loc în data de 16 octombrie 1612 între apărătorii cetăţii (printre care judele Braşovului, Michael Weiss, şi 39 de elevi ai gimnaziului Honterus, toţi victime ale luptei) şi trupele de secui ale lui Gabriel Bathory.

The Orthodox Church "Saint John the Baptist" Feldioara is located in the commune of the same name, in Brasov County. The locality is easily accessible by road, being serviced by the European Road E60 Braşov-Sighişoara, just 20 km from Braşov or by railway, via Feldioara Hm station. The natural setting is remarkable, the mountain landscape perfectly completing the local architecture. The place of worship was built in 1788, thanks to the Romanian merchant in Brasov, John Ioanovici, together with his wife Ana. The church plan was designed by the architect Ioan Morca and the works were carried out under the supervision of the priest Dumitru Martinovici. Built in the Gothic-Byzantine style, the church has a ship-shaped single-apse structure in the semi-pentagon to the east (the altar). The windows are also made in Byzantine style, framed with Gothic ogives that fit perfectly into the Byzantine vault of the church. The 40-50 meter high tower perfectly complements the church.

The evangelic church and the ruins of the Teutonic Knights’ fortress, separated only by a ditch, are the pride of Feldioara. The 13th century Romanesque basilica with three aisles and a later added bell tower shows an interesting particularity, a vaulted gallery at the second level of the tower dedicated to the founder of the church. During the 18th century the tower is provided with a roof, constructed after the model of the Black Church in Braşov. The interior of the church is covered with crossed vaults, which in the chancel are supported by half-column piers. Their capitals are decorated with vegetal, anthropomorphic and biblical motifs. From the pre-reformation altar only few parts were preserved and moved later to the Black Church. From the curtain wall only some remains still exist, while the boulder walls of the nearby Teutonic fortress still stand. The latter’s defence walls were 4 m thick and enforced with four towers. The remains of a chapel within the enclosure can still be seen today. Contact: The keys are with Mr. Gheorghe Taus phone: 0040727188557 Adress: Octavian Goga str., no. 90 Text source: http://kirchenburgen.org/

The inhabited medieval fortress of Brașov is one of the few medieval fortresses in Europe which is still inhabited on its old settings. The fortress of Brasov, built between the 14th and 17th centuries, is considered one of the most powerful in Transylvania, maintains numerous traces which due to the restauration works undertaken in the las few years, made it possible for them to become major tourist attractions, including the following: Furriers’ Bastion, Drapers’ Bastion, Weavers’ Bastion, The Museum of Brașov Fortress, Ropemakers’ Bastion, The Black Church, Casa Sfatului – The Museum of History, The White Tower, The Black Tower, The Butchers’ Tower, Graft Bastion – fortified bridge over river Graft, Ecaterina’s Gate, The Citadel, Blacksmiths’ Bastion, “Casa Mureșenilor” Museum.

Due to its strategic location, the fortified church of Prejmer was particularly strengthened. The building of the church was started by the Teutonic Knights in 1218 and continued by the Cistercians after their expulsion. The floor plan in the shape of a Greek cross was modified between 1512-1515 by adding two unequal side aisles and by extending the main nave. Above the crossing a high bell tower was build in 1461. The church itself was never fortified, but protected by a surrounding 14 m high wall, strengthened by five towers, a kennel and a moat. A special feature, preserved until today as a whole is the four-story residential rooms and pantries, and behind them the parapet walk. The simple interior of the church preserves no frescoes and the 19th Century painting was removed during late restoration. The highlight is the Gothic winged altar with the Crucifixion scene in the midfield. Contact: Parish Office Prejmer phone: 0040268362042 Opening times: Summer Monday-Saturday 9:00-18:00 Sunday 11:00-18:00 Winter Monday-Saturday 9:00-16:00 Sunday 11:00-16:00 Text source: http://kirchenburgen.org/ Video: https://www.youtube.com/webTVBrasov

The Citadel of Râşnov is the most well-known touristic attraction from the city which carries the same name. It is also known as “The peasant Citadel Râşnov”, and it is a national monument belonging to the A class. The only access path into the citadel is the currently used road, which was dividing into other three roads: one towards the fair, one towards the road between Cristian and Brașov, and one towards Cetății Quay. The field around the citadel, now covered with trees, used to be only an empty cliff covered only with wild rose bushes. Because of this, the place was called before The Valley of Roses. In 1388 appeared the first documentary proves of the settlement, under the name of Villa Rosarum, or Rosendorf, in translation The Village of Roses. Etymologically, the word rosé comes from the Celtic rhodd or rhudd, which means red, and the word rose come from the neo-Greek trandaphilos, in translation 30 leaflets. THE DACIAN CITADEL On the Citadel Hill, archeological researches have proven the existence of some fortification elements from the Bronze Age. The defensive system included three moats and defence waves in the vulnerable place, meaning in the east. The Dacian fortification precedes the Romans’ conquest, and it seems to end close to the Dacian Wars. The settlement included principal living areas and cottages. The last archeological researches, which date back from 2010, seem to confirm the existence on the Citadel Hill of the famous “Comidava”, a Dacian settlement mentioned among the “bright cities of Dacia” by the geographer Claudius Ptolemeu from Egypt’s Alexandria. Latinized, the toponym has become “Cumidava”, and under this name it appears on a monument which dates back from the time of the Roman emperor Alexander Severus (222 - 235 B.C.). THE TEUTONIC CITADEL The medieval fortress is supposed to be built in 1211–1225, in the time when the Teutonic chevaliers ruled Bârsa County. After the crusaders have left, the wooden fortress was rebuilt or transformed into one made of stone. There is no documentation to confirm this hypothesis, but the fortification of the peek starting in the antiquity, the military orders received by the German community in Bârsa County in the second half of the XIII century, the construction technique, the foundation and the elevation of the first building, identified by most of the historians in the XIII century, could be solid arguments to support the existence of a citadel previous than the one first mentioned in documents. THE BURGH ON THE PEEK The first documents mentioning the Râşnov Citadel refer to a strong fortification, resistant to an enemy’s siege, which saves the lives of the inhabitants sheltered inside its walls. The Citadel dates back from 1335, when during a Mongolian invasion in Transylvania, Bârsa County was completely devastated. The first Turkish siege is mentioned in documents in 1421. The citadel has heroically resisted, and the Turkish have stopped the siege and headed towards the yet not fortified Braşov, which they have destroyed. The Turkish have also sieged with no success the Râşnov Citadel in their campaigns from 1436 and 1441. During the natural catastrophes but also the military invasions, the settlement’s only chance to survive was the sheltering of its inhabitants in the citadel on the peek which dominates the road of Bran. The citadel, built on an abrupt cliff, is accessible only on its eastern side. Therefore, its architecture was adjusted to the relief, the fortification targeting the efficiency of the hill’s defence, without any architectural beauty claims. Imposing through its placing, emphasized by the clear cliffs, the citadel has had walls with the average height of five meters, a maximum number of eight bastions and a strongly fortified entrance. For the construction, different types of rocks were used. For the framings in the Báthory Tower and the Weapons Tower, a volcano tufa with spongy aspect was used. Rock was used for the barbicans, the Axel edged Tower, and most of the constructions in the citadel. The main material used for binders, the limestone, was cut directly from the Citadel Hill cliff, processed in a burnt furnace, and then mixed with sand and water in a lime chest. The furnace was located under the Lower Citadel’s gothic cathedral and the lime chest to the north of the Big Barbican. The citadel has two yards: an exterior and an interior one. In the exterior yard, also called the “front yard of the citadel” or the “citadel garden", the cattle was sheltered. Starting in the XIV century, in the exterior yard, a chapel was built. Concerning its shape, it is triangular, rising until the cliffs inside the citadel, and having a rounded edge towards the Báthory Tower. This construction technique hasn’t been used since the XVI century, due to its low efficiency against the artillery. After the modernisation of the siege techniques, the down citadel has become vulnerable and hard to protect. The walls were protecting the enemy and represented a great danger for the citadel’s defendants, fact demonstrated by the siege of Gabriel Báthory, in 1612. The solution found by the citadel’s inhabitants was to partially knock down the walls of the down fortress to ensure the visibility. The material remained after the walls’ demolish was used to modernize the Upper Citadel. THE FOUNTAIN The greatest disadvantage of living in the citadel was the lack of current water into the fortress. When the sieges were extended, and the water reserves were ending, the refugees from the citadel were going out during the night on the main gate and were bringing water from a spring only they knew. In March 1612, the ruler of Transylvania Gabriel Báthory, an enemy of the Germans, trying to restrict the freedom of the Transylvanian Saxon community, has organized a military campaign in the south of Transylvania. The Citadel of Râşnov has been protected by the inhabitants of Râşnov, Ghimbav, Cristian, and a draft of Romanian troops, which have been part of the army of Muntenia’s ruler, Radu Şerban. The German chroniclers state that the cannon balls from Báthory’s army have caused little damage to the walls, but the siege has become extremely efficient after a part of the enemy’s troops have occupied the eastern gradient, blocking the defenders’ access to the spring. On April 3rd, 1612, after multiple negotiations with the Hungarian ruler, the leaders of the Râșnov community have surrendered the citadel. The inhabitants of Râşnov took charge of the citadel again in June 1613, after a deal with the Hungarian ruler. Therefore, the Germans were paying a 3000 florins redemption for the citadels Râşnov and Bran. The battles in 1612 have proved the necessity of a fountain. The citadel’s fountain has been delved in 1623 – 1640, until a depth of 76 fathoms, meaning 146 meters. Despite the legend of the fountain delved by two Turkish prisoners, who have been promised the freedom when the work has been done, the fountain was actually completed by German masters hired by the mayor of Râşnov. It has been used until 1850. The water in the fountain was full of limestone, and it has been used only for animals and washing, and only in extreme cases for drinking. HISTORICAL CONFESSION In the XVIII century, the changing of the political and military situation in the South-east of Europe towards the Habsburg Empire, the securing of the southern borders, allowed a continuous economic development of Râşnov, a border borough, but also due to the diminish of the military invasions’ danger, a decrease of the Râșnov community for the maintenance of the medieval citadel. Moreover, in 1802, an earthquake has destroyed a part of the cannon balls and it rushed the transformation of the abandoned citadel into a ruin. In the citadel lived only one guardian who rang the bell in case of fire. During the revolution in 1848 – 1849, Râşnov has been crossed by the Hungarian revolutionary army, but also by the imperial Austrian and Russian troops. Because of this, the settlement’s inhabitants preferred to take refuge together with their precious objects behind the fortress’s walls. ROYAL RESIDENCE? Impressed by the advantages gained by the inhabitants of Bran after transforming the Bran castle in a private residence of Queen Mary, the City Council of Râşnov, after meeting in a festive reunion on August 2nd, 1923, decided to give the Citadel of Râşnov to the Eire Prince Carol of Romania, hoping that the future king Carol II will transform the citadel into a “resting residence, as a relaxing place in the healthful corner of the Bârsa County”. Carol however has never shown interest in living in a medieval citadel, just as he has never shown enthusiasm towards his mother’s, Queen Mary’s idea to transform the Bran castle into a royal residence. THE CITADEL RESTORATION In 1937, after visiting the Citadel of Râşnov, Octav Şuluţiu has left for the posterity a beautiful description, but also a wise suggestion: “It would be a pity for this historical confession to be destroyed. A reconstruction of it should be necessary. But not a renovation which would fake it, by bringing new elements. To be remade everything there is, and that’s it”. The earthquake on November 11th, 1940 has strongly damaged the citadel. The renovation mentioned by Octav Şuluţiu has become absolutely mandatory. Delayed by the war and the confusing years of instauration of the communist regime, the restoration of the Citadel of Râşnov took place only in 1955 – 1956. THE CITADEL AND THE MOVIE The Citadel of Râşnov entered the history of the Romanian cinematography as the favorite decor of the director Sergiu Nicolaescu for his historical movies Dacii (1966) and Nemuritorii (1974). In 1967, in Râşnov has been directed the movie Columna; a coproduction Romanian-German-Italian directed by Mircea Drăgan, and having in the main roles Ilarion Ciobanu, Richard Johnson, Florin Piersic, Antonella Lualdi, Gheorghe Dinică. The movie was nominated the next year for the “Golden Globe” and “Oscar” for the best foreign movie. During the filming, in the citadel have been discovered traces of Dacian living. THE LAST SIEGE In 2000 – 2007, the medieval fortress has been damaged by the illegal interventions of the citadel’s renter SC Drumuri Publicitare SRL, represented by Alberto Drera. On the ruins of the evangelic chapel has been built a tower in which glass fiber reservoirs were installed, in the interior yard a restaurant-terrace has been built, in the chambers accommodation spaces were going to be built, the catholic chapel in the citadel’s garden was completely destroyed and the terrain was leveled with the excavator, causing a massive reduction until complete annulation of the possibility to study the layering of the archeological site, in the Triangular Tower Vellux windows have been installed etc. The Mayor of Râşnov, the owner of the citadel has canceled in 2004 the concession contract and starting the summer of 2008 it has completely overtaken the administration of the historical monument. Text source: http://www.rasnov-turism.ro/